Maslow laid down the basic principles of humanistic psychology, offering as a model of personality a responsible person who freely makes his life choice. Avoidance of freedom and responsibility makes it impossible to achieve authenticity, authenticity. It is inappropriate to focus your attention on a detailed analysis of individual events, reactions, experiences; each person should be studied as a single, unique, organized whole.
Maslow believed that one should move away from the practice of studying neurotic personalities and finally focus on a healthy person, because one cannot understand mental illness without studying mental health. The main theme of human life is self-improvement, which cannot be revealed by examining only people with mental disabilities.
Man is by nature good, or at least neutral. Each has potential for growth and improvement. All people of the fence have creative potentialities, which, for the majority, fade away as a result of "cultivation". The destructive forces in them are the result of dissatisfaction basic needs.
Man is a "desiring being" who rarely and briefly achieves full satisfaction. All his needs are innate, or instinctoid. He does not have powerful instincts in the animal sense of the word, he has only their rudiments, remnants that easily perish under the influence of education, cultural restrictions, fear, disapproval. The authentic self is the ability to hear those weak, fragile inner voices-impulses.
The hierarchy of needs, according to Maslow, is the following sequence: physiological needs, that is, in satisfying the demands of the body; in safety, reliability and protection; in belonging, that is, belonging to the family, community, circle of friends, loved ones; need for respect, approval, dignity, self-respect; in the freedom necessary for the fullest development of all inclinations and talents, for the realization of selfhood, self-actualization. A person must first satisfy the lower needs in order to be able to satisfy the needs of the next level.
Satisfying the needs located at the base of the hierarchy provides an opportunity to realize the needs of higher levels and their participation in motivation. True, individual creative individuals can show their talent, despite serious social problems that prevent them from satisfying the needs of lower levels. Some people, due to the peculiarities of their biography, can create their own hierarchy of needs. In general, the lower the need is in the hierarchy, the stronger and more priority it is. Needs can never be satisfied on an all-or-nothing basis, a person is usually motivated by needs on several levels.
All human motives can be divided into two global categories: deficit (or D-motives) and growth motives (or existential, B-motives). D-motives are persistent determinants of behavior, contributing to the satisfaction of deficient states (hunger, cold, etc.). Their absence causes disease. D-motivation is aimed at changing unpleasant, frustrating, tension-producing conditions.
Growth motives, also called metaneeds, have distant goals associated with the desire of the individual to actualize his potential. They enrich life experience, broaden one's horizons, not reducing, as in the case of D-motives, but increasing tension. Metaneeds, unlike deficient ones, are equally important and are not ranked in order of priority. Examples of metaneeds are the need for integrity, perfection, activity, beauty, kindness, truth, uniqueness. Most people do not become metamotivated because they deny their scarcity needs, which inhibits personal growth.
The motivational status of a healthy person consists primarily in the desire for self-actualization, understood as the accomplishment of one's mission, the comprehension of vocation, destiny. Self-actualization involves the emergence of the deep nature of a person to the surface, reconciliation with the inner self, the core of the personality, its maximum self-expression, that is, the realization of hidden abilities and potentialities, "ideal functioning".
Self-actualization is an extremely rare phenomenon. It is achieved, according to Maslow, by less than one percent of people, since the majority simply do not know about their own potential, doubt themselves, and are afraid of their abilities. This phenomenon is called the Ions of the complex, characterized by the fear of success, which prevents a person from striving for self-improvement. Often people lack a beneficial external environment. An obstacle to self-actualization is also the strong negative impact of the need for security. The process of growth requires a constant willingness to take risks, to make mistakes, to give up comfortable habits. Realization of the need for self-actualization requires courage and openness to new experience from a person.
Among the valuable ideas expressed by Maslow, one should also mention the position on the role of the so-called peak experiences in personal growth, due to which transcending is carried out, going beyond one's own limits and approaching one's true essence is spontaneously experienced. Perception can rise above the Ego, become disinterested and non-egocentric, which is normal for self-actualizing personalities, but happens periodically for the average person, during peak experiences. Such experiences are only positive and desirable. The peak experience of pure joy is one that makes life worth living. He is received with reverence, surprise, admiration and humility, sometimes with exalted, almost religious worship. At the moments of peak experiences, the individual is likened to God in his loving, nonjudgmental, cheerful perception of the world and the human being in their fullness and integrity.
Maslow (Maslov) Abraham(1908-1970) - American scientist, whose parents emigrated from Russia at the beginning of the 20th century. Maslow's two theories (Figure 10.16) are best known: the hierarchical needs theory, known in professional jargon as Maslow's pyramid, and the self-actualization theory. Both of them in the strict sense cannot be called theories, since they are a generalization of clinical practice and the result of an analysis of biographies, including biographies of famous people. Neither experimental nor measurement procedures were used to substantiate them. However, they are widely used by psychologists as "middle management" theories. Maslow names representatives of several schools as predecessors and like-minded people, declaring his position as integrating. First of all, these are the American functionalists W. James and J. Dewey,
Rice. 10.16.
talists Kurt Goldstein and Max Wertheimer, as well as psychoanalysts 3. Freud, K. Jung, A. Adler, E. Fromm, K. Horney and W. Reich.
In his 1954 work Personality and Motivation, Maslow analyzes various classification approaches for ordering the motives of human behavior, for example, based on external targets or on internal "urges" and available introspections, and concludes that the only basis for classification can be fundamental, common needs for each person. The structure of needs has a hierarchical order (Fig. 10.17): as soon as the underlying level of needs is satisfied, its place is taken by the needs of the next level
Rice. 10.17. "Pyramid" of needs A. Maslow 1
The base of the pyramid is the physiological needs "the most vital, the most powerful of all needs." This means that a person living in extreme need will be driven primarily by the needs of the physiological level. “If a person has nothing to eat and if at the same time he lacks love and respect, then nevertheless, first of all, he will strive to satisfy his physical hunger, and not emotional.” Above the level of physiological needs, the level of needs for security is built up: “in stability; depending; in defense; in freedom from fear, anxiety and chaos; the need for structure, order, law, restrictions.” On the basis of satisfying the needs of the first two levels, the need for love, affection, belonging is actualized - the needs of the third level, and "the motivational spiral begins a new round." The fourth level of the pyramid is formed by the needs for respect and self-respect. Maslow believes that the needs of this level are divided into two classes. The first includes desires and aspirations associated with the concept of "achievement". A person needs a sense of his own adequacy, competence, he needs a sense of confidence, independence and freedom. In the second class of needs, we include the need for reputation or prestige (we define these concepts as respect for others), the need to gain status, attention, recognition, fame. The fifth level - the top of the pyramid - is the need for self-actualization: the realization of oneself as a creative person in accordance with one's nature. This is a person's desire for self-fulfillment, for the embodiment in reality of the potential inherent in him. This desire can be called the desire for self-identity, originality.
Although the idea of a hierarchy of needs is valid for many situations in life, Maslow notes cases of reversion and substitution of needs. This phenomenon most often affects the needs of the third and fourth
level 4, when a person who has not satisfied the need for love demonstrates the activity of the fourth level, the purpose of which is the need for self-respect and prestige. Another case of violation of the order are cases when, on the basis of a satisfied need, the needs of the next level are not actualized: “a person who once suffered deprivation, for example, a former unemployed person, until the end of his days can only rejoice that he is full.”
Important concepts in Maslow's theory are the concepts of "measure of satisfaction of needs" and "frustration tolerance". The content of the first concept is revealed through an example: “if the need A satisfied only by 10%, then need B may not be detected at all, however, if the need A satisfied by 25%, then the need IN“wakes up” by 5%, and when the need A receives 75% satisfaction, then need B can reveal itself to 50%, and so on. The second concept of “frustration tolerance” (the ability to withstand states of unsatisfied needs) is revealed by the following statement: “people who have been satisfied in basic needs for most of their lives, and especially in early childhood, develop a special immunity to the possible frustration of these needs. Frustration does not frighten them, if only because they have a strong, healthy character, the origins of which lie in a basic sense of satisfaction.
The theory of self-actualization has gained wide popularity both in the scientific community and among non-professionals. She refers to the most important concept of modern psychology - the concept of "mental health". As you know, the negative pole of the scale "mental health - mental ill health" is described quite fully in clinical psychology, psychotherapy and psychiatry, the positive pole is minimally studied.
One can consider the theory of self-actualization as the first step towards the study of mental health and in an attempt to separate this concept from the concept of "socialized person", which, of course, has nothing to do with the concept of "mentally healthy person". Obviously, since Maslow's research is innovative, many of its aspects do not meet the requirements of reliability, and the samples do not meet the requirement of representativeness, which the author himself admits. Maslow defines the “self-actualized personality” syndrome through the following characteristics (symptoms):
- effective perception of reality;
- acceptance of self and others;
- spontaneity, simplicity, naturalness;
- service;
- the need for privacy;
- independence from culture and environment, will and activity;
- a fresh look at things;
- experience of mystical experiences;
- a deep sense of belonging to humanity;
- democracy;
- the ability to distinguish a means from an end, to distinguish between good and evil;
- philosophical sense of humor;
- creativity.
- The image of the pyramid as a graphic metaphor for Maslow's ideas was invented and used to illustrate his ideas by the German author W. Stopp after Maslow's death in 1975.
Introduction …………………………………………………………..3
I. A. Maslow’s humanistic theory of personality…………........ 4
1. Physiological needs…………………………...7
2. Safety and security needs…………………….7
3. Needs of belonging and love………………….7
4. Needs of self-respect………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
5. The needs of self-actualization………………………….8
II. Assessment of self-actualization according to A. Maslow………………………..10
III. Characteristics of self-actualizing people……………….12
IV. The humanistic theory of K. Rogers…………………………….13
1. Field of experience……………………………………………………..14
2. Self. Ideal Self………………………………….14
3. Congruence and incongruence…………………………16
4. The tendency to self-actualization……………………………….18
5. Social relations………………………………………….19
Conclusion……………………………………………………………21
Literature…………………………………………………………….22
Introduction
From the point of view of humanistic psychology, people are highly conscious and intelligent creatures without dominant unconscious needs and conflicts. In this, the humanistic direction differs significantly from psychoanalysis, which presents a person as a creature with instinctive and intrapsychic conflicts, and behavioralists, who interpret people as practically obedient and passive victims of the forces of the environment.
Prominent theorists such as Frome, Allport, Kelly Rogers can be called supporters of humanistic views, considering people as active creators of their own lives, having the freedom to choose and develop a lifestyle that is limited only by physical or social influences, but it was Abraham Maslow who received universal recognition as an outstanding representative of the humanistic theory of personality. His theory of personality self-actualization, based on the study of healthy and mature people, clearly shows the main themes and provisions characteristic of the humanistic direction.
The central link of personality, according to K. Rogers, is self-esteem, a person's idea of himself, "I-concept", which is generated in interaction with other people. Thanks to K. Rogers, the phenomena of self-consciousness and self-esteem, their functions in the behavior and development of the subject became an important subject for further psychological research.
Humanistic theory of personality A. Maslow
Humanistic psychology is an alternative to the two most important currents in psychology - psychoanalysis and behaviorism. Rooted in existential philosophy, which rejects the notion that a person is a product of either hereditary (genetic) factors or the influence of environmental traces (especially early influence), existentialists emphasize the idea that, in the end, each of us is responsible for who we are and what we are becoming.
Therefore, humanistic psychology takes as its main model a responsible person who freely makes a choice among the opportunities provided. The main concept of this direction is the concept formation. Man is never static, he is always in the process of becoming. This is evidenced by a clear example of the formation of a man from a boy. But this is not the emergence of biological needs, sexual or aggressive urges. A person who denies becoming, denies growth itself, denies that it contains all the possibilities of a full-fledged human existence.
But despite the importance of becoming, humanistic psychologists recognize that finding the true meaning of life is not easy.
Another view can be described as phenomenological or "here and now". This direction is based on subjective reality, or personal, but not objective, i.e. emphasizes the importance of subjective experience as the main phenomenon in the study and understanding of man. Theoretical constructs and outward behavior are secondary to direct experience and its unique meaning to the experiencer.
Maslow felt that for too long psychologists have focused on the detailed analysis of individual events, neglecting what they were trying to understand, namely the person as a whole. For Maslow, the human body always behaves as a whole, and what happens in some part affects the whole organism.
So, considering a person, he emphasized his special position, different from animals, saying that the study of animals is not applicable to understanding a person, since those characteristics that are inherent only to a person (humor, envy, guilt, etc.) are ignored. he believed that by nature every person has the potential for positive growth and improvement.
The main place in his concept is occupied by the question of motivation. Maslow said that people are motivated to find personal goals, and this makes their life meaningful and meaningful. He described man as a "desiring being" who rarely achieves a state of complete satisfaction. The complete absence of desires and needs, if it exists, is short-lived at best. If one need is satisfied, another one rises to the surface and directs the person's attention and effort.
Maslow suggested that all needs congenital and presented his concept of the hierarchy of needs in human motivation in order of their priority:
This scheme is based on the rule that the dominant needs located below must be more or less satisfied before a person is aware of the presence and be motivated by the needs located above, i.e. Satisfying the needs located at the bottom of the hierarchy makes it possible to recognize the needs located higher in the hierarchy and their participation in motivation. According to Maslow, this is the main principle underlying the organization of human motivation, and the higher a person can rise in this hierarchy, the more individuality, human qualities and mental health he will demonstrate.
The key point in Maslow's hierarchy of needs concept is that needs are never satisfied on an all-or-nothing basis. Needs overlap, and a person can be motivated at two or more levels of needs at the same time. Maslow suggested that the average person satisfies his needs like this:
physiological - 85%,
safety and protection - 70%,
love and belonging - 50%,
self-esteem - 40%,
Self-actualization - 10%.
If the needs of a lower level are no longer satisfied, the person will return to this level and remain there until these needs are sufficiently satisfied.
Now let's look at Maslow's hierarchy of needs in more detail:
Physiological Needs
Physiological needs are directly related to the biological survival of a person and must be satisfied at some minimum level before any higher level needs become relevant, i.e. a person who fails to satisfy these basic needs will not be interested in the needs that occupy the highest levels of the hierarchy for a long time, because it very quickly becomes so dominant that all other needs disappear or recede into the background.
The need for security and protection.
Needs included are needs for organization, stability, law and order, predictability of events, and freedom from threatening forces such as disease, fear, and chaos. Thus, these needs reflect an interest in long-term survival. The preference for a secure job with a stable high income, the creation of savings accounts, the purchase of insurance can be seen as actions partly motivated by the search for security.
Another manifestation of the need for security and protection can be seen when people face real emergencies such as war, flood, earthquake, insurrection, civil unrest, and so on.
The need for belonging and love.
At this level, people seek to establish attachment relationships with others in their family or group. The child wants to live in an atmosphere of love and care, in which all his needs are met and he receives a lot of affection. Adolescents seeking to find love in the form of respect and recognition of their independence and self-reliance, reach out to participate in religious, musical, sports and other close-knit groups. Young people experience a need for love in the form of sexual intimacy, that is, unusual experiences with a person of the opposite sex.
Maslow identified two types of love in adults: deficient or D-love, and existential or B-love. The first is based on a deficit need - love, which comes from the desire to get what we lack, say, self-respect, sex or the company of someone with whom we do not feel alone. It is selfish love that takes rather than gives. B-love, on the contrary, is based on the realization of the human value of the other, without any desire to change or use it. This love, according to Maslow, enables a person to grow.
Self-esteem needs.
When our need to love and be loved by others is sufficiently satisfied, the degree to which it influences behavior diminishes, making way for self-respect needs. Maslow divided them into two types: self-respect and respect for others. The first includes such concepts as competence, confidence, independence and freedom. A person needs to know that he is a worthy person, that he can cope with the tasks and demands that life makes. Respect by others includes concepts such as prestige, recognition, reputation, status, appreciation, and acceptance. Here a person needs to know that something he does is recognized and appreciated.
- Short biography.
- Premises of the theory.
- Hierarchy of needs.
- Maslow's pyramid.
- D-motives and p-motives.
- Metaneeds and metapathologies.
- Two lifestyles.
- Self-actualization.
Introduction.
In a previous article, we have already mentioned the circumstances under which in psychology arose humanistic direction. Its important feature was the conviction of his followers that, in addition to the basic needs and needs for the realization of animal instincts, any person also has a completely different motivation, as well as the potential for its realization.
The following was meant, it is impossible to exhaustively describe a person, excluding those of his features that, in fact, distinguish him from an animal, namely, such things as the desire to understand the fundamental issues of being and the universe, the desire for self-actualization, self-improvement, the desire for creativity and beauty.
Moreover, the followers of the humanistic direction believed that the desire for the above is immanent in human nature, along with animal instincts.
Among all humanistic theories and views on the nature of personality and its motives, the theory of Abraham Maslow is perhaps the most famous.
Maslow Abraham Harold (1908-1970). Short biography.
Abraham Maslow was born in the United States in 1908 to poor Jewish immigrants. Abraham's childhood was not easy due to difficult relationships with parents and peers. In his own words, said later, such a personal story was bound to end in mental problems or even more serious consequences.
The boy grew up unhappy, abandoned and lonely, and communication with peers and understanding of his parents were replaced by library corridors and books.
Initially, education was planned by his father, so young Maslow goes to college to become a lawyer, but quickly realizes that being a lawyer is not his calling. Soon, the young man enters the University of Wisconsin, where he receives a bachelor's degree in psychology, and a few years later a doctorate. During his studies, Maslow meets Harry Harlow, a famous American psychologist, in whose laboratory he studies dominant behavior in monkeys.
After receiving his doctorate, Maslow returned to New York and stayed there for a long time, working at Brooklyn College. During the Second World War in the United States, a large number of the European scientific elite, including the most famous psychologists of that time, such as Erich Fromm, Alfred Adler, Ruth Benedict and others, fled from the Nazis from Germany and Europe from the Nazis.
Thanks to this, New York of that time becomes the psychological Mecca of the whole world, in these conditions the scientific views and the future approach of the young scientist are formed.
In 1951, Maslow received the chair of psychology at Brandeis University, where he worked for 10 years, and then lectured there. In 1969, he unexpectedly leaves the university and devotes all his time to philosophy and economics, and shortly after that, in 1970, he suddenly dies of a heart attack.
Background of Maslow's theory.
Abraham Maslow's theory of human development is based on five humanistic principles, which were outlined in the article on the prerequisites of humanistic psychology. And since the pinnacle of his theory is such a concept as a person’s desire for self-actualization, it is natural that the main question that arises for this idea is what exactly motives guide a person who chooses such a landmark in his hierarchy of values.
For comparison, the basic desire of Freud's man, in addition to satisfying the physiological needs of the body, was to relieve the constant psychological stress that arose as a result of the action of the opposition ID - Super Ego. Any person in such a system was the eternal hostage of this confrontation, which, in principle, could not be completely eliminated, but through the awareness of the traumatic contents of the unconscious and the redirection of libido energy in another direction, this tension could be reduced to a certain extent. It was on this that the work on psychological assistance in psychoanalysis was based.
Here you can pay attention to the fact that in Freud's system the desire for higher values was due entirely to the position of the super ego. That is, firstly, this desire was acquired through upbringing, and secondly, it was obviously secondary, since the true needs of a person, according to the teachings of psychoanalysis, were precisely the impulses of ID.
Naturally, in such a coordinate system there was no place for some higher need, and not due to the urgent need of the body, and could not be.
For all the unprovability of the provisions of psychoanalysis, there were enough good reasons for constructing such a theory, and Freud's logic was quite, if not scientifically flawless, then quite obvious and understandable.
However, Sigmund Freud's theory of personality was built entirely on the materials of his work as a psychiatrist, with people suffering to varying degrees from various psychological problems, conceived as very serious ones.
This was Maslow's main claim to psychoanalysis.
He initially believed that it was impossible to build a correct theory without taking into account the fact that there are not so few psychologically healthy people in the world.
It is for this reason that proponents of humanistic psychology placed such a significant emphasis on human mental health, and this played such an important role that it became one of the five basic principles new direction.
Of course, this did not mean at all a denial of the obvious fact of the existence of psychological problems, but it allowed us to look at them from a completely different angle.
And this perspective was the theory of needs, which took the main place in Maslow's views on the human personality.
It is undoubted and quite obvious that in the human world there are a considerable number of people whose purpose of life is the realization of their inner capabilities and abilities, and often, this realization involves a partial rejection of the priority of basic needs, since movement in this direction is fraught with certain risks and frequent going beyond comfort zones.
In other words, if you want to do what your calling is, then as a rule, you have to choose a rather thorny and difficult road, on which people often endure many hardships. And these facts are well known to everyone, which means that those who choose this path are aware of its difficulties and dangers.
However, there are always such people and there are many of them.
It is rather difficult to exhaustively explain their motives in terms of replacing an unrealized initial need with another type of activity, especially if these basic needs were initially satisfied. And this certainly required an explanation.
Maslow's pyramid. Hierarchy of needs.
Obviously, first a person has a need for something, and on the basis of this need, an impulse (desire) arises to satisfy it. That's what it is motivation.
One of the main provisions of Maslow's theory is that a person is constantly motivated by something, and there is almost never a state of affairs in which complete satisfaction occurs, and if such situations arise, which happens, then very briefly, and very soon the next need arises And so on and so forth.
In other words, according to Maslow, desires are essential characteristic human existence.
Another important part of this theory says that all the needs that underlie motivation are not acquired, but innate nature and this initial urge of a person (the energy of desire) is simply superimposed on external circumstances, which determine the very object of desire, or the direction in which this energy unfolds.
The third important assumption says that these aspirations - motivations exist in a hierarchy due to the presence of obvious priorities.
For example, the need for breathing is obviously more primary in terms of importance than the need for food and drink, and the need for communication undoubtedly loses to the desire to get enough and not die of hunger.
So, this is the hierarchy of needs in order of priority that was proposed by Maslow.
the basic physiological needs of the body.
- the need for security.
- the need for belonging to society and love.
- the need for self-respect.
- the need for self-actualization.
On the basis of this scale, Maslow's well-known pyramid of needs was created, according to which, the needs of the lower level must be satisfied (albeit not completely, but mostly) before there is at least an awareness of the presence of needs of another level as a necessity. According to Maslow, the higher the individual climbed the steps of this pyramid, the more he realized the human qualities of the personality, and the greater the psychological health he had to have.
In Maslow's theory, it is important to understand that it has a certain degree of error, and of course he himself understood this.
After all, it is quite obvious that there can be exceptions to the hierarchy of motives, and they are quite numerous.
The world knows many people who, in the name of lofty ideas, subjected themselves to deprivation, hunger, and even went to death.
On this occasion, Maslow said that some people, due to their individual characteristics, are able to create their own hierarchy of needs.
This assumption was obvious and agreed well with the second position of humanistic psychology, where the thesis about the uniqueness of each individual was affirmed.
Thus, the very nature of man spoke of the inevitability of the existence of exceptions in any such theory.
If Freudianism studies a neurotic personality, desires, actions and words that diverge from each other, judgments about oneself and about other people are often diametrically opposed, then humanistic psychology, on the contrary, studies healthy, harmonious personalities who have reached the peak of personal development, the peak of "self-actualization" . Such "self-actualizing" personalities, unfortunately, make up only 1-4% of the total number of people, and the rest of us are at one stage or another of development.
Abraham Maslow, one of the leading psychologists in the field of motivation research, developed " hierarchy of needs". It consists of the following steps:
Stage 1 physiological needs are the lower needs controlled by the organs of the body, like breathing, food, sexual, self-protection needs.
Stage 2 the need for reliability - the desire for material reliability, health, provision for old age.
Step 3- social needs. The satisfaction of this need is not objective and difficult to describe. One person is satisfied with very few contacts with other people, in another person this need for communication is expressed very strongly.
Step 4- the need for respect, awareness of one's own dignity - here we are talking about prestige, social success. It is unlikely that these needs are met by an individual, this requires groups.
Step 5- the need for personal development, for the realization of oneself, for self-realization, self-actualization, for understanding one's purpose in the world.
Maslow identified the following principles of human motivation:
1) motives have a hierarchical structure;
2) the higher the level of motive, the less vital the corresponding needs are, the longer it is possible to delay their implementation;
3) until the lower needs are satisfied, the higher ones remain relatively uninteresting. From the moment of fulfillment, lower needs cease to be needs, i.e. they lose their motivating power;
4) with an increase in needs, the readiness for more activity increases. Thus, the possibility of satisfying higher needs is a greater incentive for activity than the satisfaction of lower ones.
Maslow notes that the lack of goods, the blockade of basic and physiological needs for food, rest, security leads to the fact that these needs can become leading for an ordinary person ("A person can live by bread alone when there is not enough bread"). But if the basic, primary needs are satisfied, then a person may manifest higher needs, metamotivation (needs for development, for understanding one's life, for searching for the meaning of one's life). If a person seeks to understand the meaning of his life, to fully realize himself, his abilities, he gradually moves to the highest stage of personal self-development.
"Self-actualizing personality" has the following features:
1) full acceptance of reality and a comfortable attitude towards it;
2) acceptance of others and oneself;
3) professional dedication to what you love, business orientation;
4) independence of judgments;
5) the ability to understand other people, goodwill towards people;
6) constant novelty, freshness of assessments, openness to experience;
7) distinction between ends and means, evil and good;
8) natural behavior;
9) humor;
10) self-development, manifestation of potential opportunities in work, love, life;
11) readiness to solve new problems, to realize problems and difficulties, to truly understand one's capabilities, to increase congruence.
Congruence- this is the correspondence of experience, awareness of experience to its present content. Overcoming defense mechanisms helps to achieve congruent, true experiences. Defense mechanisms make it difficult to correctly recognize their problems. Personal development is an increase in congruence, an increase in understanding of one's "real self", one's capabilities, characteristics, it is self-actualization as a tendency to understand one's "real self".
Belonging to a group and a sense of self-respect are necessary conditions for self-actualization, because A person can understand himself only by receiving information about himself from other people.
And vice versa, the pathogenic mechanisms that hinder the development of the personality are as follows: a passive position in relation to reality; repression and other ways of protecting the "I" for the sake of inner balance and tranquility. Degradation of the personality is promoted by psychological and social factors.
Stages of personality degradation
1) the formation of a "pawn" psychology, a global sense of one's dependence on other forces;
2) creating a shortage of goods, as a result, the primary needs of survival become leading;
3) the creation of "purity" of the social environment - the division of people into "good" and "bad", "us" and "them";
4) the creation of a cult of "self-criticism", recognition even in the commission of those disapproved acts that a person has never committed;
5) the preservation of "sacred foundations" (it is forbidden even to think, to doubt the fundamental premises of ideology);
6) the formation of a specialized language (complex problems are compressed into short, very simple, easy
memorable phrases). As a result of all these factors, "unreal existence" becomes habitual for a person, because from a complex, contradictory, indefinite real world, a person passes into an "unreal world of clarity, simplicity", several "Selves" are formed in a person, functionally isolated from each other.
Different ways of self-actualization can be provided if a person has higher meta-needs for development, life goals: truth, beauty, kindness, justice.
